Different Environments and Skin Damage

We often make the mistake of thinking we can only get sunburnt in hot, sunny weather. In truth, hot summer days carry the highest risk, but overcast conditions and high-altitude skiing can be almost as bad. It is even possible to accumulate UV damage indoors or while driving. Sensible precautions are worth taking in all of these situations.

Why does sun exposure damage skin?

The sun produces UVA and UVB radiation. UVB is the main cause of sunburn, while UVA penetrates deeper into the skin, where it contributes to premature ageing and DNA damage. UVA can also cause sunburn, and both forms increase the risk of skin cancer over time.

Short-term exposure may lead to redness, sunburn and blistering. Repeated or long-term exposure causes cumulative damage that is not always immediately visible. Over many years, this can contribute to wrinkles, pigmentation changes, reduced skin elasticity and an increased risk of skin cancer.

Why do we get more sunburnt at the beach?

Beach environments expose the skin to intense UV radiation. Alongside direct sunlight, sand and water reflect UV back onto the face and body — dry sand reflects around 15–18% of UV radiation and sea foam around 25–30%. Combine that with long hours outdoors and minimal clothing, and the beach becomes one of the easiest places to burn.

Wearing SPF 50+ broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen, protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses, and seeking shade in the middle of the day all help reduce the risk.

How is it that we can get sunburnt in winter?

Winter weather can be misleading. UV levels are lower in winter than in summer, because the sun sits lower in the sky and its rays travel further through the atmosphere. But UV radiation is present every day of the year, and temperature has no bearing on it — UV can be just as high on a cold, clear day as on a hot one.

Cloud cover is also less protective than people assume. Thick cloud filters UV reasonably well, but thin or scattered cloud does very little, so skin damage can still occur on days that feel cool and grey. Checking the daily UV Index is far more reliable than judging risk by temperature or cloud cover.

Do people really get sunburnt when skiing?

Yes — alpine conditions carry a significant sunburn risk. The main reason skiers don't burn more often is that they are covered up against the cold, but exposed skin on the face, ears, lips and scalp remains vulnerable.

Two factors are at work. UV intensity increases with altitude, rising roughly 10–12% for every 1,000 metres; at Australian resorts such as Perisher and Thredbo, UV levels can be up to 30% higher than at sea level. Snow is also highly reflective, bouncing back as much as 90% of UV radiation, so exposed skin is hit both directly and indirectly.

Broad-spectrum SPF 50+ sunscreen, SPF lip balm, and wrap-around sunglasses or snug-fitting goggles that meet AS/NZS 1067 are all worth using, along with a helmet, beanie or balaclava to cover the head and ears.

Is there a risk of sun damage indoors?

Many people are surprised to learn that UV exposure can occur through ordinary glass. Standard house and office windows block almost all UVB, but allow a substantial proportion of UVA to pass through.

Vehicles vary. Windscreens are laminated and generally provide good UV protection, but side and rear windows are usually tempered glass and let a significant amount of UVA through unless they have been fitted with a UV-blocking film or other protective treatment. People who spend long periods driving or sitting beside sunny windows gradually accumulate UV exposure.

Simple measures help: applying broad-spectrum SPF 50+ sunscreen before long drives, wearing sunglasses and protective clothing, and fitting UV-blocking window film.

How do we reduce UV damage to our skin?

The best approach is to think about UV levels rather than temperature. Sun protection is recommended whenever the UV Index reaches 3 or above. Checking the daily UV forecast, wearing appropriate clothing, seeking shade and using sunscreen correctly will all help reduce cumulative skin damage — while still leaving you free to enjoy the outdoors year-round.

If you notice a new or changing mole, a sore that does not heal, or any other unusual change to your skin, arrange an assessment with a qualified healthcare professional. Early assessment can help determine whether further investigation is needed.

About DermScreen

DermScreen was founded by a team of dermatologists concerned about the high prevalence of skin cancer in Australia. The clinics use skin examinations together with digital imaging technology to assist with the assessment and monitoring of skin lesions. Where appropriate, patients can also be referred for specialist dermatological review.

DermScreen has clinics in Epping, Bondi Junction, Randwick and Sydney CBD.